Finding Our Way in Greenland

Sailing in Greenland on board the sailing vessel Atlas presented new navigational challenges for us, including the ever-changing sea ice situation, and areas of coastline that are uncharted. Information about the sea ice in Greenland waters can be obtained through various charts created by Danish Meteorological Institute, and for navigation in uncharted waters, satellite images can provide a lot of useful information. In both cases, accessing this data while in remote areas with limited internet access via the Iridium satellite network can be a challenge. This motivated us to write a web service to gather the data we were interested in, compress it, and save it at a fixed location where we could easily download it.

As we know that other sailors in remote areas face similar challenges, we decided to write up a more detailed description of what we did and how it helped us to navigate in Greenland into an article, entitled “Finding Our Way in Greenland with an ice chart web service and up-to-date satellite imagery”.

We recently joined the Ocean Cruising Club, so we submitted the article to their annual journal, the Flying Fish. Our article has just been published in the latest issue.

Click here to download and read our article.

Whether you are a member of the Ocean Cruising Club or not, all issues and articles are made freely available online. The full archive of the Flying Fish, which contains some cracking articles, can be found here:

https://www.oceancruisingclub.org/Flying-Fish-Archive

Finding the Serengeti in Greenland

12th July 2023

North of the cape, we are heading into a wild area. These fjords have not been fully surveyed. There are rocks and sparse soundings marked on our charts at first, but as we make our way deeper into the fjord, these become less frequent. The charts eventually give out altogether; we carry on with satellite images. They suggest open water with few hazards, and the water where we are now is deep, so we continue.

We see an irregular white line in the water, crossing our path and the fjord. We slow down. It appears to consist of flotsam, collected in this place by some interplay between the rising tide and outflow of the glacier meltwater rivers at the end of the fjord.

Beyond, the blue water becomes increasingly milky, filled with sediment created by the erosive power of the ice, and carried out to sea by the rivers formed as it melts. Suddenly, the bottom starts shelving at a steady pace. 10m, 8m, 6m, 4m. We reach a point where the depth sounder only reads just over 2m – there is now but a foot of water under the boat. Slowly, we turn.

We are in the middle of the fjord. A few minutes earlier, the water below us was very deep. Can it really be so shallow here, or is the depth sounder simply unable to penetrate the concentration of sediment? Arnaud assembles an improvised lead line with a diving weight and casts it over the side. There really is a bottom just a couple of metres below us!

Cautiously, we explore the surrounding water. Is there a way through, in deeper waters? We don’t find one. It seems that there is a bar stretching right across the fjord.

Only around 2 nautical miles from the bay we had intended to drop anchor in, we’re close enough to reach it by dinghy, if we can find a protected anchorage nearby. On a first, direct, approach to a promising bay, we are again thwarted by a shallow sandbar. We study our recent satellite images more closely. Combining what we can discern in the images and observe outside, we are developing an understanding for how the slight colour shifts in the images relate to the depth of the water. The images show darker blue, so deeper water in the bay itself, with a plume of sediment deposited along the side of the main river flow protecting it like a breakwater. We work our way around this bar and into the bay, anchoring south of two rocky outcrops in 10m of water.

Not long after, to our surprise, we hear the roaring sound of an engine; another boat is heading up the fjord. They are making straight for us. A small, open, white fibreglass boat with a bulky powerful outboard. On board are a beaming Greenlandic couple. They ask if we speak Danish, which we don’t. But they have a little English too. They want to know whether the passage to the town of Narsarsuaq lies further up the fjord. They have come from all the way from Paamiut, further north, and are on their way to the festival happening there. We tie them up alongside and invite him aboard to look at our charts together — the passage they are looking for is a little further down the fjord, back where they have come from. Grateful for the directions, they head on their way, smiling and waving as they go. ‘Takuss!’

Crossing a narrow causeway stretching between an island and the mainland just in front of the boat, we spot reindeer. A remarkable sight. Richard would like to film them, while the rest of us head further up the fjord with the dinghy, to the anchorage we had originally hoped to reach.

Before we set out, Richard makes a quick and delicious dinner of tagliatelle with porcini mushrooms and cream. After eating, we gather our gear and get ready to go.

After dropping off Richard on the mainland, we make for the end of the fjord. Past the point we had reached with Atlas, and round the first corner, we notice that the water is continuing to shoal. We need to pay attention that the outboard propellor doesn’t touch the bottom. Suddenly, we see reindeer in the shallows close to the island, splashing up water as they head towards us. An incredible sight, enhanced by the low, warm-tinged evening light. The leading reindeer stoops to take a drink — the water here, mostly river water from the glaciers, is not very salty. We watch them until they return to land before heading on.

As we continue, we shift forward towards the dinghy’s bow, using our weight to trim the boat and help keep the outboard’s propeller from touching the bottom. Still, at times we have to lift up the outboard and paddle to avoid the shallows. We see conspicuously dotted loons on the water, and eider ducks with fluffy ducklings. As we approach, the adults scoot away over the water, leaving the huddle of ducklings to dive under the water to escape. Plop, plop, plop — one by one, they all vanish below the surface. Occasionally one surfaces while we are still close — too early! — and hurriedly dives again. Everywhere around us reindeer dot the hills.

The light west wind drops and immediately the east wind hits us from dead ahead: the 180° wind shift that we have been waiting for.

At the sandy bay at the head of the fjord, we beach the dinghy below a hill topped by rocky outcrop resembling a ruined castle. The tide is falling, so we anchor the dinghy with two rocks in the sand and pay out the long line, hoping it will stay afloat and we will avoid having to carry it back into the water later, when the tide has fallen further.

Striding up the hill, the low-slung vegetation glows in vibrant colours, bathed in the spectacular light. We reach the ridge and the view opens up to a striking green plain, riddled with pools and channels of water, backed by mountains and two glacier tongues descending from the ice cap. The intensity of the green is incredible.

So many reindeer! Making their way in groups from the hills or islands on our right, they cross the main river channel to reach the flat green plains. It is like the Serengeti, in Greenland.

We perch on the hill, taking photographs and watching with binoculars; Arnaud films with his drone. We are feasting on the scene unfolding before us. Herd after herd of reindeer appear and make for the plains. Whimbrels call around us, their mysterious piping enhancing the mystical beauty of the scene.

After a long while in this heaven on earth, the sun is closing in on the horizon. We realise we are getting cold and that Richard, alone on the land back near the boat, will be too. We make our way down the hill, stunned by the wild landscape in the deep sunset light everywhere we look.

The dinghy is there, still afloat; there is plenty of water. With the wind in our rear we make our way back, speeding down the bay, the nose of the dinghy pointing high.

Ahead, in the channel we mean to go through, we spot a reindeer in the water, its legs clearly visible. We let this sink in. The water there must be very shallow now. We cautiously run for a while with the outboard angled up, probing the depth at intervals with a paddle. Once there is so little water that the outboard is liable to scrape the ground, we lift it out and paddle on until, inevitably, we run aground. Angie jumps out and pushes the dinghy, now afloat again, while Arnaud and I paddle. But we ground again. And again. We all end up out on the mud, pulling the dinghy along in half a boot height of water. On and on we go until the water rises and threatens to flood our rubber boots. Time to jump aboard again.

The wind is stronger now, and creates steep, choppy waves. I’m sitting in the front on the upwind side and, taking the brunt of the splashes, I’m getting pretty wet. I’m happy to be wearing my waterproof jacket, but I wish I had on the impermeable fishing trousers too!

The sun sets the sky on fire. Reindeer on an island, silhouetted against it.

We catch sight of another group of reindeer right out in the middle of the fjord we just passed, heading east, passing in front of a glacier. Arnaud stands upright in the bucking dinghy, photographing the wonders around us, while getting thrown about in the choppy waves. Angie paddles to keep our distance from the rocky shore. Eider ducks gather in a raft for the night.

At last we see the Atlas, riding securely to her anchor where we had left her, holding well in the deep glacial mud despite the 180° spin of the wind. We pile on board, people and gear soaked thoroughly. While Arnaud collects Richard, Angie and I light a fire in the wood stove with the driftwood gathered in our last anchorage and prepare a hot chocolate. With everyone back on board, we warm up in the cosy saloon, sipping delicious chocolate from steaming mugs and marvelling at these last hours, at all we have seen.

Alex

Leaving the Île de Bréhat

Monday 5th June 2023

The day of our departure had arrived. We were anchored to the south of the small island Bréhat on the north coast of Brittany, west of Saint-Malo.

From here, we plan to sail directly for Greenland. Critically, that means that this is our very last stop in France – and therefore our last chance to stock up on the delicious fresh bread, pastries and croissants available at every boulangerie, which we have become accustomed to over the last few weeks.

We ready the dinghy and head ashore, leaving the dinghy tied to a ring on the harbour wall, just across from where the ferry from the mainland is discharging its passengers, our skipper among them.

The island is a small bucolic paradise. Lush and green, filled with surprising formations of pink granite around the coast, houses with beautiful gardens, the only motor traffic consisting of small tractors. We reach the centre of the village, where the restaurants are already filling up and serving lunch. We linger at the bakery, taking yet one more thing to enjoy and keep us going.

Returning to the coast, we see our dinghy still happily tied up at the dock. We join the skipper and a friend who lives on the island for a drink. The waitress informs us that they have fresh local mussels, the first of the season. Drinks become lunch. We are well prepared, plan to leave with the high tide in the evening, and in no hurry to leave the delights of Brittany behind.

Ah yes, the tide. In this part of the world, the tidal range is extraordinarily high, the water level able to change by more than 10m in the roughly six hours between low and high tides. The tidal range varies over the month in correspondence with the phase of the moon – the alignment of the moon and the sun. It is just coming to full moon, and as such we are close to springs, a period of high tidal range.

As we sit on that sunny terrace overlooking the bay, ordering lunch, we see these effects in action. Our dinghy is no longer afloat; instead, it is sitting on a muddy shoreline. The ferry is no longer able to collect its passengers here, but must use another dock further away by the rocky cliffs, where the water is deeper.

As we wait for the food, as it arrives, as we eat, we can see the water receding out of the bay.

By the time we pay the bill and feel ready to leave, it is 15 minutes before low water. The bay of boats bobbing at their moorings has drained to a muddy basin, the boats standing in the mud on their keels and legs, leaning to one side or the other.

We walk to the dinghy and take a grasp of our situation. We couldn’t have chosen a worse time to leave. We have a long muddy walk ahead of us, carrying the heavy dinghy with its solid aluminium floor, large outboard motor and additional fuel tank.

The skipper has, wisely, brought his sea boots. The rest of us are wearing… crocs. We remove our socks, roll up our trousers and make our way down the steps to the mud.

Squelch. The mud grips onto our shoes, sucking them down, unwilling to let them go. Every step requires a forceful movement upwards and, importantly, forward, to prevent merely pulling your foot free and leaving the shoes stuck in the mud, where they are quickly covered by the liquid mud.

Our local friend takes pity on us and comes down from the wall to assist us. After a few steps, mud threatens to pour into his short hiking boots, he wisely makes a swift retreat to the reassuring solidity of the harbour wall.

We resume our journey to the water, leaving the land behind. Is this our last impression of land or our first of water? This mud has only a tenuous claim to be called ‘land’, given that most of the time it forms the sea bed of this bay.

On closer inspection, this surface is also much more than just mud. There is much mud to be sure, but interspersed with rocks and pebbles, multiple varieties of seaweed, shells and crabs discarded after their tasty contents have been eaten, and signs of life that have so far escaped that fate. The surface is shaped by the water regularly flowing over it, creating channels, depositing material.

We stagger and flail, laughing and crying for short breaks, loose shoes temporarily to the mud left and right, we take zigzag turns, trying to avoid the deepest-looking parts.

We pass through channels which still hold a little water, enough for its buoyancy to share our load. We push the dinghy through these channels, the mud washing out of our crocs as we wade through the startlingly clear salt water, filled with a variety of seaweed, the bottom of hard sand.

We reach the shallow water’s edge without any major comic mishap, alas; nobody manages to slip and fall head first into the mud. Open water, enough water to at last take the full load of the dinghy from us. We kick the water to clear our shoes and legs of the worst of the dirt, clamber aboard one by one, and motor out of the bay towards Atlas. She is riding at her anchor, waiting to take us to Greenland when the flood returns.

– Alex